Know your blood group to receive or donate in case of emergency

Blood group information is important for individuals to face health challenges.  Knowing the blood group helps when person needs blood transfusion due to injury, accident or due to any medical cause. Normally people assume that their blood group will match with their parents due to same biological or DNA configuration. This is hot hitting topic of this write up as this may not always be true.


According to biological studies, blood is composed of the same basic elements that include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Blood in all people is not similar. Blood types are basically determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens, substances that can activate an immune response if they are foreign to the body.


Medical literature denotes that human blood is categorized into four major groups A, B, AB, and O. Each letter denotes to a type of antigen, or protein, on the surface of red blood cells. Blood is either Rh (+) or Rh (-).

There are following subdivisions of blood groups found in human population:

1. O (-) Blood group is universal donor because it can be transfused to almost any patient. According to reports, O- is found in six percent of the population. Unluckily, people with O (-) blood can only receive O (-) blood during transfusions because the individual does not have the three antigens present in other blood types (A, B, and Rh).

2. O+ is the most commonly occurring blood type and is found in 37 percent of the population.

3. A+ blood is also frequently occurring blood type. Thirty-four of every 100 people have A+.

4. A- Blood group falls in rarest category. Due to having antigen A but no Rh antigen in the blood, A negative can only receive blood type A (-) and O (-).

5. Blood group AB persons have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Consequently, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group, but cannot donate blood to any group other than AB. They are called universal recipients.

6. Persons who have Blood group B, have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB.

In brief, people must know their blood group so that in medical emergency, they can share information with doctor to recover fast. Regarding Blood groups, these are complex chemical systems found on the surface of blood cells. 

Important note: This article is developed through environmental information and personal view of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.

Major causes of muscle pain in hands and legs


Muscle pain is very common health problem and experienced by majority of persons in their life. It usually happens due to damage and inflammation of the affected muscle as well as the structures around that muscle such as tendons and ligaments. Some general reasons for muscle pain include muscle tension in one or more areas of the body, overusing the muscle during physical activity, wounding the muscle while doing physical work or exercise.

People experience muscle pain in the hands and feet due to the outcome of overuse, strain or injury of the specific muscle. Muscle pain is also linked with major diseases like diabetes, thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis and fibromyalgia.

It is to inform to readers that strain or injury is not the only cause of experiencing muscle pain. Sometimes, physicians diagnose muscle ache as a result of medical conditions such as infections that include flu, polio, or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders like lupus, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, consuming certain medications or drugs, like statins, ACE inhibitors, or cocaine, thyroid problems or hypokalemia (low potassium).

Patients can get relief from muscle pain through some remedies if it is not associated with severe diseases. Give rest to the affected area where you experience muscle ache. Patients can also apply ice to the painful area to get relieve from discomfort and it will also lessen inflammation. Hydration is important before and throughout workout to avoid cramping and decrease inflammation after exercise. Muscle pain can be reduced through avoiding heavy weight lifting, stress relieving exercise like yoga and meditation.

Though muscle pain is not a serious or life threatening medical state at initial stage and home remedies work well but persons must visit doctor when pain is not reducing through home treatment, or pain become severe without any visible cause, or some rashes appear with pain, or myalgia go along with by redness or swelling.

Patients must know the emergency situation for muscle pain. These include a person suddenly feel water retention or a decrease in urine volume, have difficulty in swallowing, vomiting or a fever, trouble to breath, stiffness in neck area, inability to move the affected area of the body.

In concluding remark, muscle pain has numerous causes. Physicians can tap the key ground for muscle ache. If pain is due to injury or excessive physical work, immediate home remedies can be done such as putting ice pack or resting the affected area. It is advised to patients to consult a doctor and get medication as sometimes muscle pain is warning of some serious ailments also.


Important: This article is developed through environmental information and personal view of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.

Fill emptiness in life with natural rainbow


Life is an important voyage and we have to make it interesting through spicing enjoyable events and pleasant experiences and fill emptiness. To step up with boring life, we must have some specific goals, transform our lifestyle and control over negative emotions like sadness, grief, or physical pain.



There are lots of work we can do to fill hollowness in our life. We can involve in creating a new venture, or improving self through espousing effective strategies like internet surfing to prepare nourished foods, beauty treatment to enhance outlook, gaining knowledge to perform better in exam or job and many more.

We must engage in activities that brings pleasure such as organizing small party with friends, gossiping with likeminded people on phone or on walk. It will keep us busy and kick out negative thoughts.

Emptiness in life can be lessened when we think of some great challenges in life and we put our energies to meet out or resolve intricate issues that emerge due to personal inefficiencies or environmental barriers.

Chase your dream and pursue hobbies to fill colour in life. It will decrease the hollowness and we can throw boring phase from our life.

Other effective way to fill the emptiness in life is to allow yourself some sort of passage for your emotions.

Landing in to destination of thoughts about emptiness in life, it is well settled that emptiness is felt by most of us in any stage of life. Some have feeling that hollowness is due to loss of spouse, boredom, or other grounds.  But these are not real causes instead these are underlying issues of life. Basically emptiness is experienced because there is lack of love in life. To overcome feeling of emptiness, we must continually think positively and move forward to pursue our set goal of life.

Giant TV quiz show “Kaun Banega Crorepati”: Psychological angle


Kaun Banega Crorepati stole the heart of millions of viewers in all geographical land of India and abroad. It is a psychologically galvanising quiz show and each viewer plays no matter where he/she is residing or it also does not matter whether he/she will get financial reward instantly. The central figure and most magnetic charm of this chartbuster quiz show is great millennium actor, Mr. Amitabh Bachchan. Only he has power to run this captivating and most entertaining show on Indian TV. His vibrant energy, interacting art with contestants and making the show attention-grabbing is invincible.

From psychological stand point, this charismatic quiz show, “Kaun banega crorepati” inspires vast number of people to make efforts to gain knowledge, learn concepts, principles and literature from education sea. It supports individuals to apply logic to crack questions. In fact, this quiz show really train students, professionals or housewife to resolve issues of life through their rational mind.

Viewers who watch this show or participate through app to gain insight and enthuse to learn more from internet world, books or other sources to augment their knowledgebase. Indirectly, this endeavour will help viewers to crack competitive examinations or job interviews.

It is very obvious that people are engrossed in learning myriads of subjects like politics, science, economics, mythology, sports, literature, art and many more to be a part of show and grab hot seat to interact with Sadi ke Mahanayak, Mr. Amitabh Bachchan ji. The motive may be for financial gain or many attraction but this show has hidden benefit to increase literacy in country. It is writer’s thinking.

Majority of us wait till evening to watch the show to test our knowledge on questions asked in this quiz show. People of all ages feel happy if they pick right answer but the magical thing is that they do not get discouraged if the answer is wrong because they do not lose anything.

Eye-catching show, Kaun banega crorepati” really enhances intellectual knack of viewers from writer’s analysis and those people who were underestimated during school, college or in occupation, feel proud if they answer correctly to the displayed intricate questions.

Thanks to Sony Entertainment Television for telecasting this awesome quiz show, Kaun banega crorepati” as this TV serial decelerate cognitive decay in aging folks and augment mental functions such as remembering, memory, attention, recall to live with self-respect.

As a psychological writer, I have bundle of novel strategies for question writing style and effective policies to make the show at pinnacle in futuristic competitive ground. Producers or sponsors are welcomed to contact us.

Important note: This article is based on the personal views of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.


Decelerate the cognitive decline while entering to elderly phase

Cognitive aging grip individuals who are lethargic and do not actively involved in mental tasks. It is revealed in psychological studies that most of the elderly people develop up to some extent of weakening in cognitive ability and exhibit symptoms of forgetfulness, decreased ability to maintain focus, waning of problem solving capacity.

If such symptoms are not attended immediately, it may lead to more serious conditions, such as dementia and depression, or even irreversible mental ailment like Alzheimer’s disease.

Major grounds of Age-Related Cognitive Decline:

Age-related cognitive decline are triggered by numerous factors:


To decelerate the intellectual decay, individuals have to make proactive lifestyle changes, get cognitive training, and consume nutritional rich diet.

Furthermore, proper sleep, enjoyable lifestyle, involved in leisure activities may augment cognitive functions of individuals such as memory, learning, remembering, recall, and attention.

It is known truth that with age, cognitive capabilities slowly dwindle. Partial or certain degree of cognitive decay is normal as we age. But it is observed that in some individuals, cognitive deterioration is rapid that results in severe mental ailment like dementia. This can make it impossible to cope with daily tasks. It is therefore, psychologists and psychiatrist advice that at initial stage, we must slowdown the process of cognitive degeneration through transforming lifestyle, taking nourished diet and involve in intellectual tasks. 

Important note: This article is developed through environmental information and personal view of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.

Sensory impairments is common in old age


It has been observed that older folks are normally suffer from sensory impairment for example vision and hearing problems. Sensory impairments upsurge as people enter in old age period and many older people experience a sensory damage in their life.



Medical specialists have elaborated in their studies that changes in sensitivity to contrast, color, and glare, stereoacuity, and peripheral vision can affect visual function of elderly people. Reports indicated that severe impairment occurs in older people due to several medical conditions that include age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.


Macular degeneration occur due to the breakdown of cells in the macula of the retina that causes yellow deposits, known as drusen, to form under the retina. The wet form of the condition, in which abnormal blood vessels surrounding the drusen leak, causes subretinal haemorrhage and scarring.

Diabetic retinopathy develops due to increased vessel permeability. Blood and lipid leakage leads to macular edema and hard exudates (composed of lipids). In progressive disease, new fragile blood vessels form that hemorrhage easily.

Cataract is another common sensory impairment in old age which occurs due to a clouding of the normally clear ocular lens that’s usually caused by a clumping of proteins in the nucleus of the lens. Consequently, less light can reach the retina.

Glaucoma in older people is a severe form of sensory damage in which there is a vision loss because of increased intraocular pressure. In open-angle glaucoma the anterior chamber angle is normal, but anomalies of the trabecular meshwork or the Schlemm canal, as well as in the rate of aqueous fluid production lead to the rise in pressure. In closed-angle glaucoma, the anterior chamber angle itself is clogged, often by an iris that is thickened or displaced anteriorly by an enlarged lens.

In final analysis, it is interpreted that aging people have extra burden of sensory deficits. It is a critical component of health and immensely impact on the life of any individual.


Important: This article is developed through environmental information and personal view of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.

Traits of females visualized as a horror objects in majority of movies

Horror films fascinate viewers since ancient time. Though films made on different genres are well appreciated at global level but horror genre has distinct place in film industry of any country. In horror movies, producers flash horrendous objects or entities to leave an impact of terror on viewer’s mind. Majority of people are curious to know the nature of supernatural instincts or the power of ghost. Among diverse classification of horror objects, women are many times highlighted as a horror object to make film blockbuster and generate huge revenues.

It has been documented in film literature that horror movies have long been a focus of feminist theory. Majority of horror movies have female as a central character or at least end up with a single female. Females are portrayed in horror movies in negative ways and their character highlights some traditional or negative qualities. Several media researchers squabbled that the portrayals of women in film have transformed since last few decades because of the feminist movement; nevertheless, stereotypes of women continue to be present in the media.  Psychologists stated that in many horror movies, males are often admired and revered for their sensual prowess but females are often castigated for promiscuity. In horror films, women are represented as a vulnerable and feeble object.

Plethora of feminist studies grounded in psychoanalytic theories of human motivation accentuated that viewer’s allegedly assume that there are universal interest in watching horror movies that include feminine objects. Typically in this account, women are elucidated as castrated or threat evoking figure.

In many movies, fates of woman and monsters are also linked. But numerous critics argued that horror scenes can be created with utilization of both male and female characters.

Wrapping up the features of horror genre of movies in which females are emphasized as a horror entities, it is clinched that women has more dominance in horror movies. In epitome, horror movies utilize female object as a repository for universal needs.

Make movie blockbuster with novel concept

Movies are made with extreme efforts of huge team of producers, actors, and other invisible artists. Whether it is Hollywood or Bollywood, all filmmakers anticipate that their film script is excellent and it will rock on box office and be admired by large number of viewers. Sadly, with some films, it does not happen and many movies flop and it results in great financial loss of producers.

As a viewer, it is expected that in film of any genre, there must be some novel concept, entertainment and alluring representation of scenes, characters. Still, it has been observed that movies are not made keeping technical aspects or there may be some flaw in scene shooting and dialogue speaking.

As a common rule, producers choose appropriate theme for unique story idea to make movie top hit. Genre can be action, love, thriller, and detective. Intelligent and experienced producers use a strong, single cause-and-effect line with a single, clear character change. It is normally considered that hit films have ordinary storyline so that viewers can understand quickly. Such films allure global audiences. Key elements such as Script, Character, Acting, Timing, Sound and Visuals are important to produce blockbuster film. Technological breakthrough has special significance in making film hit.

When film industry is appraised within the framework of modern podium, it is sensed that there is neck to neck competition as compare to previous time. Therefore trends of marketing, producing style, character’s role must be transformed to make it accessible to wider audiences. Film producers may engross certain effective tactics like employment options or online earning in film to expand viewer’s base.

In contemporary period, technological aspects have great dominance as well as we cannot ignore marketing tactics, promotions, trailers and comments of celebrities on upcoming films.  These marketing tricks may grab the attention of massive audiences for upcoming movie. To watch film in theatre, some unique business elements can be added to magnetize viewers in order to decrease piracy of film just after release. (Contact writer for effectual techniques).

In last word, while producing film, it is imperative to review all aspects of making such as story line, artists, music, scenes. Further promotions and marketing strategies also make the film super hit in box office

Narsha in horror land (Sensational and Mysterious film story)

Just landing on the sandy region of one beautiful city of Asian country, Narsha (Female environmental research professional) was very enthusiastic. She went to a luxury hotel and took rest for one day. Meanwhile she surfed the surrounding city area and other natural landscapes to prepare background for her research on “whether natural forests and greenery has some supernatural instincts and how they impact on the living of human beings”.




Next morning at around 8 AM, Narsha left the hotel and moved forward to her mission of researching some fascinating facts of supernatural link in the forestry arena. While entering the forest by online Taxi, she picked edge details of all shrubs and grasses, ancestral trees as that region was rich in old natural landscape and dense woodland. Though many stories were aired on the linkage of forest and ghost entities that devastated human life, Narsha was ardent in exploring the true nature of supernatural disposition associated with remote land such as in forest or infertile arena on earth. After shooting the movie of that area, she returned in the evening to hotel. In the late evening, she was invited by city’s renowned social activist, “Harmaney Misheal” at dinner. So she went to her place and really rejoiced having delicious traditional meals.  Harmaney Misheal also discussed her mysterious project and told Narsha that she will get many surprises here as inhabitants are more conventional and have faith in ghosts and supernatural powers.

 Next day, when Narsha was on the way to her mission, she observed some strange event in a nearby village. One middle aged female (Masley) was hanged on an ancestral tree in reverse manner (legs were up and head was down). She was surrounded by a large number of females wearing traditional dresses. Narsha stopped there to see what was happening. After some rituals, that hanging lady was given some vegetable seeds and her rope tied with a tree was extended and asked her to sow the seeds near the ancestral tree with her blood drops. That hanging lady (Masley) followed the instructions and sowed the seed while experiencing severe pain.  Narsha was stunned and shocked as to what type of ritual is this? Whether Masley is being punished or villagers involved in enhancing some supernatural power. Narsha could not go farther.  As she sensed that she has to resolve this mystery before going to her targeted research topic. Maybe her research solutions are engrossed in this event?

 After rigorous mental discussion with herself, Narsha returned to the hotel and dismantled the strands of strange happenings of the village related to afflicted women.

 Narsha already studied nascent paranormal literature that forest endowed with special supernatural power. She wanted to confirm that these events naturally occur and people experience such supernatural power. After thoroughly analysing the events, she interpreted that strange event was related to orthodox traditional concept and the victim was ill-fated women. Narsha was quite depressed and slept thinking about that woman. In the morning after having breakfast, she again started her journey to the forest. This time she alone went to a dense forest to discover some strange paranormal facts. Although typical trees, huts and stones were there but nothing unusual she could find. She returned back to the hotel in the evening as night time was not safe in the forest according to inhabitants.

 She made notes on minute details of the forest and recorded everything in an online diary. Her project on supernatural instinct related to forestry became unsuccessful as she could not explore any major ground to explain paranormal entities in this connection. So she decided to leave this region and go back to native place. She also booked a return ticket for the next day. But when she woke up in the morning, she saw the devastating scene near the hotel. It looked like a storm came last night and destroyed the village badly. She thanked God for saving her as the hotel was not affected by the storm. But all the routes were blocked so that she had to stay there for time till all the things became normal. There was also a shortage of basic needs items. Hotel staff were arranging food and other items to make her comfortable. After two days, Narsha just came out of the hotel and started walking a mile. She was very upset about such a catastrophe in which many villagers had lost their lives. When she reached the river bank, she saw groups of village women walking near the river and making a typical sound. Narsha walked fast to ask what happened but one of the female of the group

 alerted her not to join them. But Narsha was curious therefore she secretly tried to observe what these folks were doing. All the women in the group took wooden lamps and slowly went into a tunnel one by one which was connected with the forest. Narsha also silently followed them. It was so terrifying that Narsha shivered as dragon shaped figures and ghosts were hanging on the upper part of the tunnel. These fearful objects had no connection with paranormal activity as Narsha thought.

 

After an hour, all the female villagers came out from the tunnel and prayed to God to save them from the ghostly entity. They were crying and shouting that they lost their beloved member. After 2-3 hours, all females went back to their home. Narsha also returned to the hotel. Situation became normal in three days and she was planning to return to her home country.

That same night, one female of that group who alerted her last night in the river procession, came to meet her and said to save them all. She said they were all innocent and living in a dangerous zone. Only you can highlight the case and protect our life. Narsha thought that it is an ideal time to comprehend the mystic situation and find some facts about her research topic. She accepted the proposal of that lady and promised to support the village ladies. Narsha arranged some safety items for her and after two days she went to the village head lady home. All ladies were happy and welcomed her. Group of ladies along with Narsha assembled beneath the ancestral tree of the village and discussed the orthodox nature of men in the same society. All the females were persecuted and tortured by men. Narsha told them these traditional thoughts about females being responsible for any bad happening is illogical. She said that we have to cleanse our mind and generate awareness about poor thoughts among male communities. It was not an easy task and male ego always interfered in modernizing the thought process.

 Around the ancestral tree, some grasses and shrubs were grown that were sowed by ill-fated middle aged women, Masley. But that woman disappeared after that disastrous event. In this regard, all village females were silent. Narsha wanted to know the mystery of that event and torture of middle aged women but none of the females agreed to tell the truth.

 Narsha thought that she had to know the deep secret of the ill-fated lady. She made a dangerous plan to wear a similar costume like Masley and secretly walked in mid night near the ancestral tree. After a five minutes’ walk on that place, she just sat on one bunch of grass.  Suddenly, she heard the blaring and loud sound of females and kids. It was so intense that the nearby area shook and all grasses and small plants were rashly moving.  Narsha stood up immediately and the sound was diminished.  She saw the brains of many people on the land and smoke was coming out from their upper brain with force and making a horror sound. Narsha was immensely frightened and couldn’t understand what went wrong in this land. She got terrorized up to an extent of losing consciousness. After 5-10 minutes, when she woke up, she was still exploring the causes of horror happening. It was 3.00 AM in the morning so Narsha returned back to the hotel after removing that haunted dress.

 At the hotel, she could not be normal for an hour. She took a bath and ate breakfast. Took rest for two hours. After eating lunch, she came out of the hotel and decided to go to the tunnel side through a haunted ancestral tree (She gave it the name Haunted area). When she was passing through that tree, she became astonished and frightened to watch the scene. In the horror area of the ancestral tree, above the small plants, heads of females and kids were hanging like a flower garden. She screamed and fainted.

 After returning to consciousness, she saw many village females were surrounding her and they were taking care of her. They offered water to Narsha. Narsha controlled her fear and drank water. All were asking what happened? But Narsha didn’t tell them the horrendous happening to them as she wanted to investigate at a deep level about such dreadful events.

 Next morning she observed the hair growth in her hands and legs. She was worried about it. She decided to go to the tunnel to find the truth of horror events and the mystery of Masley. She took all safety products along with her and started the journey for her mission. Walking slowly on the muddy land of the tunnel, her boots were making a horror sound. She suddenly stopped, the sound stopped. It was just normal for her as Narsha was a scientific researcher and daring lady who liked to enjoy adventurous events. While further walking in the tunnel, she saw some grasses the same as in land near ancestral tree. Enthusiastically, she plucked one bunch of grass. A very loud, crying sound blew up that wobbled the walls of the tunnel and blood scattered on the land. It was flowing like sea waves. Narsha was frightened and went up to the end of the tunnel by swimming. In fact she took a bath with blood. At the end of the tunnel, there were three ways to go outside. One was to go to the top of the hill, another was to the dense forest and last one to a dangerous valley. She decided to go towards the valley side as it looked less challenging. There were a huge number of wild trees, pointed grasses, and strangely half women carved in red-colored stones in which some language was engraved. Narsha took snaps and sent them all to her email for back up. She was slowly going down and down on a very thin road with the support of a stick. The street was rounded and after 300 -400 meters, there were more red-colored stones in which half women were engraved. While walking, though she was horrified, she saw a giant stone cave with the carving of half women.  She was stunned but with safety tools she decided to go inside. When she entered the cave, she was amazed to see a number of tunnels opening and there were some echo sounds also. She was constantly shooting the scenes and trying to send to her mail but the signal was not there so email was not sent. With curiosity, she entered into one tunnel and started going down silently with a mobile torch in hand. Downstairs, there was a huge pond-like tank. It looked like a large number of living creatures or trees were burnt there. It was just like a massacre.  Suddenly she heard a human sound. She just hides behind the huge rock. What she saw was intolerable and horrified. Around 100 females were brought with their traditional dresses and were tied tightly with one another. They all were thrown into a huge tank which was one fourth filled with oil. And the head of all females was the queen of that area. They chanted some shlokes (Religious write-ups of God). All willingly sat on the tank and fire was lit by an unknown entity. Narsha could not see that one.  Within a few seconds, fire turned into dangerous flames and all women burnt alive. Narsha lost consciousness again.

 After that no one saw Narsha in that region.

Few months later, the investigating team reached the Asian city and inquired about the great researcher, Narsha. Hotel staff and villagers told the team that one decent madam came. She was caring, intelligent and daring but one day she disappeared. Lordus darago, team head was collecting minute details of Narsha’s activities during his investigation.


To be continued….

Important Note:  This  story is penned by Ragini Sinha.  Any resemblance is just a coincidence. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.


Counsellor’s support to cope up Traumatic experiences


Traumatic experiences are triggered by life threatening events either to self or others. The response often involve some degree of fragmentation of thoughts and feelings. In this complex world, people are susceptible of array of traumatic experiences. Emotional trauma is visualized as inflicting severe harm to individual’s mental state. Traumatic events have profound impact on person and normally result in betrayed, helplessness, frightened, and feeling lonely.



Traumatic experiences in life not only impact on physical and psychological conditions of person, instead these events give deep spiritual wounds. Major causes of trauma differ extensively and include interpersonal violence, war, different crisis situations, and massive disaster. Other instances of traumatic events are death of family member, lover, friend, teacher, divorce, physical pain or injury (e.g. severe car accident), terrorism, relocation, parental abandonment, witnessing a death, rape, domestic abuse and prison stay. People who experience traumatic event may display shock and denial. Common responses of traumatic events may be bad temper, sudden mood changes, anxiety and nervousness, anger, depression, flashbacks or repeated memories of the event, difficult to concentrate, disturbed sleeping or insomnia, changes in appetite, intense fear of reoccurring in traumatic event, withdrawal and isolation from daily activities, worsening of an existing medical condition.


Persons undergo trauma must seek counsellor or mental health professional advice when they exhibit following responses:

-       Emotional outbursts
-       Severe aggression
-       Withdrawal
-       Continued difficulty in sleeping
-       Sustained obsession with the traumatic event
-       Serious problems at school or workplace

It is a challenging task of an individual to deal with such terrorizing experiences. Trauma counsellors have to focus on the client’s healing process. They need to grapple whole events as well as to engage with the complexity of traumatic responses. There are team of clinical professionals such as psychologist, counsellors, psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, social workers who assess the impact of traumatic event on patient. Psychotherapists who deal with trauma survivors have comprehended that aftermath of trauma range from acute stress disorder, posttraumatic disorder and other serious psychopathological responses to existential crisis.

In order to effectively deal with traumatic experiences, first thing is to get help from someone to become safe. Person suffering from trauma must talk with friends or family members instead of living alone. To cope up with trauma, person must do varied activities like relaxing, going for walks, visiting beautiful places.

Psychologists or counsellors extend their support to people in understanding to deal with the emotional impact of a traumatic event. Threatening events or any type of trauma depress the person. Response to trauma is an acute stress reaction, which is for short span. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is effective treatment for trauma.


Important: This article is developed through environmental information and personal view of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.

Self-awareness is essential to become a great leader and good manager

Humans always explore ways to get success in professional and personal life. To find peace and comfortable living, one of the trait that people must have is self-awareness. Self-awareness is a psychological state in which person is being aware of dissimilar aspects of the self that include traits, behaviours, and feelings. 



Self-awareness skills, mainly denotes to individual’s capability to be aware of or to recognize his emotions, beliefs, motivations and other features such as strengths and weaknesses. These traits empowers him/her to recognise and comprehend himself/herself as a separate individual. Person who have self-awareness can be a successful manager in a company or become an effective leader to guide his/ her team. 



Self-awareness skills allow people to understand own personality as well as help them to appraise other people, their insights, and their actions. Additionally, self-aware people tend to act determinedly instead of reacting passively, to be in good psychological health and to have a positive outlook on life. It also aids persons to change own thoughts and elucidations to alter some unjustified reactions in social settings.



There are several ways to nurture self-awareness. To become aware of self, person must develop space for him. People must practice alertness in life. They must develop ability to be a good listener.  People try to get feedback, responses of other people to know oneself.

In the viewpoints of many psychologists, self-awareness is pivotal skill of professional which can lead to giant success in career and develop an impressive persona. Success can be at person’s doorstep because self-awareness enables people to know their strengths, or flaws. Self-awareness is a key emotional mechanism to intelligently face the challenges in career and personal life. 

In final thought, self-awareness enables the individuals to analyse and understand themselves and their traits. This understanding is the grounds of successful leader, manager, and professional. It plays a vital role in comprehending oneself with others. On fundamental ground, self-awareness is knowing one’s internal states, preference, resources and instincts. Self-awareness is a strong predictor of overall success of person in both professional and personal life.

Biometric techniques: Safeguard sword


In the process of globalization, world populace is exposed to online fraud and threat from terrorist activities. These harmful practices prompt government and business communities of nations to explore intelligent identity solutions. In any financial company or government organization, control access to financial transactions, computer networks is authorized by recognizing password, pin or other smart devices. Proper use of public key cryptography helps to secure exchange and authentication over insecure network. There is an ardent need of simple and secure procedure to verify the identity of authorized person.

In general, biometrics systems are based on the features that cannot be lost or forgotten. It is beneficial for users as well as system administrators. Biometric techniques help in strengthening identity system with the addition of physical or behavioural characteristics to the identity information. This technology is used to identify the person through combining physiological and behavioural features of person with information that elaborates the subject’s identity. Biometric technologies include face, voice, finger prints, hand and iris recognition, and DNA. These are the pillar of strong identity recognition system.

Biometric identification and verification generate digital data. It creates a machine readable trace every time identification is performed. Interoperability performs a vital role in for the process of biometrics. Face recognition technique is an automated or semi-automated process of matching facial images. This image is captured using scanner and then analysed in order to obtain biometric signature. Facial recognition include numerous technologies like 2D, 3D, infer red facial scan. 



Fingerprint consists of a features and details of a fingertips. These features include arch, loop and whorl. A fingerprint is the pattern of ridges and furrows on the surface of a fingertip. No two persons have precisely the same arrangement of patterns. This technology is extensively accepted by security agencies. Demerit of fingerprint biometrics are that it can be altered with time.

Iris recognition is externally visible, coloured ring around the pupil. It is a physical feature of a human being that can be measured and thus used for biometric identification and verification. Iris scan is high quality of photograph of iris taken under near infra-red illumination.



Another biometrics ID is voice which offers an ability to provide positive verification of identity from an individual’s voice characteristics.  The pattern matching task of speaker verification involves computing a match score. Speaker models are developed from the features extracted from the speech signal. To authenticate the user, the machine algorithm compares/scores the incoming speech signal with the database model of the claimed user.

Biometrics systems have immense advantages for companies. Though the biometrics, companies can lessen the frauds related to buddy punching and ID. Biometric systems are also beneficial for issues related to forgotten passwords, lost IDs by employing physiological attributes. Companies can easily cut down password administration expenses and can replace difficult passwords too. Biometrics technology also offers increased ROI and cost savings in various areas including time and attendance and loss prevention.


In final words, biometrics are effectual techniques to verify authentic person in financial or business establishment. It is basically a measurement of biological data. Biometric authentication involves to compare a registered or enrolled biometric sample against a newly captured biometric sample.

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