Allergy may be major cause in the development of asthma

Asthma is rampant in global society and affects people of all ages. It is a persistent inflammatory ailment of the bronchial tubes that results in swelling and contraction of the nose passage. Reports of World health organization revealed that millions of people are under grip from asthma and huge number of fatalities occur. Bourgeoning studies designate that asthma is developed through allergic reaction in which the airways of the lungs become oversensitive to some indoor and environmental pollutants. Biologists have established fast rate of asthma and the decisive role of allergens in the development of asthma.

It is established that the gene-environment interactions may be a major cause of asthma. In present scenario, it is heated theme of discussion and need to generate awareness about allergy induced asthma to grip the syndrome in social structure. Many medical scholars assert that allergy induced asthma is prevalent in world population when an individual is hypersensitive to certain allergen. It is predominant in young children who are more sensitive to aeroallergens that lead to persistent asthma symptoms at later stage of their life than children who have good immune system or resistance power.

Role of allergy in the development of asthma: 

Since ancient time, people has recognized the asthma as a common dilemma which affects the health care system and it is a prime source of undesirable healthcare outcomes. Asthma is characterized as a chronic respiratory disease which is caused by reversible airway hindrance and related with bronchial hyper sensitivity and airway swelling. Inflammation is developed through numerous indoor and environmental factors, known as an allergen. When these allergens attack to person, the air passages of the bronchus and lungs engorge and full of mucus. As a result, muscles within the bronchial tubules contract and create narrowing of the airways. In this condition, patient unable breathe from the lungs smoothly, have recurring periods of wheezing, chest tautness, and coughing. Allergy has major role in developing ailment of asthma. Exposure to the allergens may result into the pain or swelling in the respiratory system and leads to breathlessness. Presently, environment is highly polluted, therefore there are increased cases of allergy induced asthma.

Causes:

Plentiful researches have demonstrated that paediatric asthma is developed due to exposure of young children to common allergens such as contaminated foods, pets and environment. Allergic reaction greatly affects the lungs and airways and causes asthma symptoms. The main aeroallergens are sensitized are house dust mite (HDM), furred pets basically cat and dog, cockroach, mold, and rodent allergens. The allergen, contained in their droppings and transmitted in dust can prompt reaction at concentrations of only a few μg of allergen per gram of dust, far below normal concentrations found in homes. House dust mites and other allergens was the main carrier of allergic reaction that can lead to symptoms of asthma. Usually, mites may get healthy environment to grow in mattresses, box springs and pillows therefore these can attack easily on patent’s body.

Another major allergen that causes asthma is through animals. Cat allergen is considered to be the most dangerous of the pet allergens that is normally found in dust samples where a cat resides. Medical scholars investigated this factor and demonstrated that cat allergen exposure is coupled with the development of sensitivity and asthma. Mouse allergen has also vital role in the developing asthma. Other allergens like molds that can easily be scattered in dust, wood, paper, food and plants can cause asthma. They multiply at faster rate in humid environment. Allergy disease due to molds is caused by Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. The major risk factor of moulds is the IgE-mediated sensitization.

Medical reports have confirmed the exposure to tobacco smoke via active smoking may cause lung disease. Especially children are more prone to environmental tobacco smoke in both prenatal and postnatal period when mother excessively smoke. This allergen deteriorates lung function and child show the symptoms of respiratory irritation, for example, cough, excess phlegm and breathe with difficulty. Genetic makeup of humans has major role in vulnerability to asthma. Clinical manifestation of Asthma is mainly dependent on complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors.

Treatment and prevention:

Asthma is preventable disease if appropriate diagnostic methods are used. It depends on the age of a person. Young children do not respond in positive way in the diagnosis process therefore physicians study the patient and family medical history to investigate the causes of asthma. Adults are diagnosed through a series of breathing capacity tests to find out the extent of asthma. In normal course, doctors do not use allergy test to determine the condition of asthma. Medical studies have represented that eliminating persistent allergens are effectual method to assuage allergy and asthma, but these cannot avert clinical symptoms of asthma.

There are number of medicines prescribed by the physician to treat allergy induced asthma which include steroids and inhalers. Tablets are often given to control allergic reactions which lessen the chances of developing asthma. It is highly suggested that treatment must be done under the supervision of certified doctor. Therapeutic technique such as immunotherapy is used in treating allergy induced asthma which involves injections of allergen extract into allergic patients. Immunotherapy is a systematic procedure of immune modulation to control the symptomatic condition of hypersensitivity reaction developed through IgE antibodies. But immunotherapy has some adverse impacts on the patient such as gastro intestinal disorder which limits its application.

The treatment of asthma is long-term process and some patient have to take medication whole life. It can be debated that numerous allergens like tobacco smoke and pets, food may trigger respiratory illnesses. But scientists do not have sufficient evidence to confirm that allergens and contaminants can decrease respiratory illnesses. The best possible way is to lessen the damaging effects from allergens, especially for sensitized individuals.

To bind up important details, it is well identified among world populace that asthma disease is a national health concern which spreads due to numerous allergens. Lung disease is predominant at great pace in developed countries which had major roots in allergic reaction. It has damaging impacts on the health of the affected individual, as well as society. There is a direct link between allergies and asthma but opponents debated that other condition also leads to asthma and people have wrong conception that allergens are the causes of developing asthma.

It has been observed that people who are sensitive to some allergen may display the symptoms of asthma. Main cause is the gene-environment interactions that lead to medical condition of asthma. Doctors recommend that in order to halt the symptoms of asthma, induced by allergy is to decrease the presence of allergens. Since the research on allergy induced asthma is still in initial stages and is debatable topic, there is a need to conduct further research on the role of allergy exposures in the home and other environment and the development of asthma. These may help to avert the disease in people.

Cougar relationships: Matured women lure towards Young guys

Cougar relationships is visualized as a new trend in global stage in which mature women date with young men.

Cougar is basically an intimate relationship between middle aged or elderly females and young guys. It may be romantic relationship.

There are numerous reason for senior females get deeply involved with young males.

It is well observed that younger males exhibit more romance and have sexual instinct. Therefore main magnetism of middle aged females towards young guys is to gratify this need. Women when turns to 40, may have more instinct due to biological reasons and they look for thrilled young men.

It is perceived that women in the age of 40 are well settled and they have successful professional career. They are now in the stage of taking good decision about their life. Women in 40s are more relaxed with younger men who obey them and give more respect in professional set up.  

But how it can be justified to retain cougar relationship. No matter how advanced the society is. There are certain norms in every civilization. Human relationships are well defined and any defective relationship may have grave consequences. Exceptions are always there.

Though, there are many tempting characteristics to the cougar relationship, but it is warning to such matured females. It is assumed that these relations will not last for longer period. It is just a fascination or physical charm to satisfy physical needs. The basic idea of extending cougar relationships is sexual magnetism, which may fade as people grow older. Therefore there is no reason to believe that such relations will form a long-term affection.

Many issues may develop if cougar relationships are maintained for longer period:

There may be lack of friendship as due to age difference, they may not have same liking or interests. These habits are important for long term relationship.

Another challenge in cougar relationships is mounting effect of age inequality. Partners may develop feelings of insecurity, protectiveness and selfishness due to wide age gap.

There may be distorted relationship with children. Young guy cannot take onus of father for his wife’s kids.

Regardless of such serious challenges, cougar relationships are gaining speed in today’s global society. These relationship are more acceptable in case of celebrity.

In Asian platform, cougar relationship are rarely seen. These relations are regarded as anomalous in Indian communities. Women in modern age are independent and powerful to make wise decisions. But mature women must appraise the real meaning of involving with others as it is a life time commitment. In democratic system, females have liberty to choose but they should be careful in fuelling cougar relationship. It may lead to disappointment and other emotional disturbances that may hamper their life goals.

To bind up concepts, it is recognized that cougar relationship are just fad and gratification of needs for temporary moment. It is known slang that love outshine age. In cougar relationship, partners involve more emotionally than practically. Many psychologists avowed that strength of such relationship depends on how partners retain their intimate bond. 

Male infertility is raising global concern

Infertility is highly discouraging to people. It is explained as inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected sexual contact. It is generally found that most people are able to conceive within this time. If there is any problem, physicians recommend that couples must be assessed for fertility problems. Reports of WHO signified that Infertility greatly affect a substantial proportion of humanity.  According to WHO, infertility is a “disease of the reproductive system” and results in disability. Despite the high encumbrance, couples and individuals, who desire but are unable to achieve and maintain a desired pregnancy.

For conception, there is a need of production of healthy egg and sperm, unblocked tubes that allow sperm to reach the egg, the sperms ability to penetrate and fertilize the egg, implantation of the embryo into the uterus and finally a healthy pregnancy. Infertility occurs when there is inability to conceive unprotected sexual intercourse.

In men, hormone disorders; illness; reproductive anatomy, trauma, and obstruction; and sexual dysfunction can momentarily or permanently affect sperm and avert conception. Some ailments become more difficult to treat the longer they persist without treatment.

Major causes of male infertility:

There numerous factors that can deteriorate sperm count or mobility, or degenerate the capability to fertilize the egg. It is observed that major reasons for male infertility are irregular sperm production or function, impaired delivery of sperm, overall health and lifestyle problems. Male infertility also occurs due to disproportionate exposure to environmental conditions.

It is established in reports that problems with male fertility can be triggered by several health issues and medical treatments.

-Reduced production or function of sperm. Many cases of male infertility are due to problems with the sperm. Normal sperm concentration is explained as greater than or equal to 20 million sperm per milli liter of semen. Sperm counts of 10 million or fewer per milli liter of semen specify low sperm concentration. Total failure of the testicles to produce sperm is rare and it affect very few infertile men.

-Varicocele. A varicocele is a puffiness of the veins that drain the testicle. It is the most common alterable cause of male infertility. Though the exact cause of varicoceles is not known, it may be related to abnormal testicular temperature regulation. Varicoceles result in reduced quality of the sperm. Good treatment of varicocele can increase sperm numbers and function, and may enhance outcome when using assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization.

-It is medically recognized that uneven shape and movement of sperm cause infertility. Normal sperm shape and the ability for sperm to move fast and precisely toward the egg is vital for fertilization to occur. If the sperm shape and structure are abnormal or the movement is decreased, sperm may not be able to enter the egg.

-Infection. Some infections can also affect in sperm production or sperm health or can cause scarring that chunks the passage of sperm. These include inflammation of the epididymis (epididymitis) or testicles (orchitis) and some sexually transmitted infection such as HIV. Although some infections can result in permanent testicular damage, most often sperm can still be regained.

-Ejaculation issues. Retrograde ejaculation happens when semen enters the bladder during orgasm instead of appearing in the tip of the penis. Retrograde ejaculation may due to several abnormal health issues such as diabetes, spinal injuries, medications, and surgery of the bladder, prostate or urethra.

-Due to spinal cord injuries or certain diseases, men are not be able to ejaculate semen, even though they still produce sperm. It is established that in these cases sperm can still be retrieved through assisted reproductive techniques.

-Antibodies that attack sperm. Anti-sperm antibodies are immune system cells that wrongly identify sperm as damaging attackers and attempt to remove them.

- Some types of tumors like Cancers and nonmalignant tumors can significantly affect the male reproductive organs directly, through the glands that release hormones related to reproduction, such as the pituitary gland, or through unknown causes. In some cases, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy to treat tumors can cause male fertility.

-Undescended testicles: In some males, during fetal development, one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the sac that normally contains the testicles (scrotum). Reduced fertility is more possible in men who have this medical problem.

- Infertility in males can also results from Hormone imbalances. Males who suffer from Hormone imbalances have disorders of the testicles or an abnormality affecting other hormonal systems including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands. Low testosterone and other hormonal problems have a number of possible primary causes.

-Defects of tubules that transport sperm can lead to male infertility. Many different tubes carry sperm. They can be blocked due to some reason such as inadvertent injury from surgery, prior infections, trauma or abnormal development, such as with cystic fibrosis or similar inherited conditions.

-Blockage can occur at any level, including within the testicle, in the tubes that drain the testicle, in the epididymis, in the vas deferens, near the ejaculatory ducts or in the urethra.

- Infertility may due to chromosome defects. Inherited disorders such as Klinefelter's syndrome in which a male is born with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome. This can lead to abnormal development of the male reproductive organs. Other genetic syndromes related with infertility include cystic fibrosis, Kallmann's syndrome and Kartagener's syndrome.

Figure:1 It depicts causes of male infertility.

- Some males have difficulty in sexual intercourse. These may be trouble keeping or erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, painful intercourse, anatomical abnormalities such as having a urethral opening beneath the penis (hypospadias), or psychological or relationship problems that affect sex. These problems lead to male infertility.

-Celiac disease is digestive disorder due to sensitivity to gluten, celiac disease. This may cause male infertility. Fertility may improve after espousing a gluten-free diet.

-Some medications also cause infertility in males. Testosterone replacement therapy, long-term anabolic steroid use, cancer medications (chemotherapy), certain antifungal medications, some ulcer drugs can weaken sperm production and decline male fertility.

-If males undergo some surgeries, it may prevent them from having sperm in their ejaculation. These operations include vasectomy, inguinal hernia repairs, scrotal or testicular surgeries, prostate surgeries, and large abdominal surgeries performed for testicular and rectal cancers, among others. In most cases, surgery can be performed to either reverse these blockage or to retrieve sperm directly from the epididymis and testicles.

Testosterone deficit may lead to infertility.

It has been reported that misplaced urinary opening can cause infertility in males. A defect at birth may cause the urinary opening to be abnormally placed on the underside of the penis. Such condition may avert sperm from reaching the woman’s cervix. It can be corrected surgically.

Male infertility is diagnosed in person whose general health is not good and have poor lifestyle. Infertility related to health and lifestyle occurs due to folloeing conditions:

-Emotional stress may hamper certain hormones required to produce sperm. If person is suffering from prolonged emotional stress, it may cause infertility.

-Poor diet is major cause of male infertility. Certain vitamin deficiencies such as C, selenium, zinc and folate may lead to infertility.

-Medical reports also indicated that obesity strongly impact on general health of males and can cause infertility. More body weight may lead to fertility problems in men.

-Males who consume excessive alcohol and drugs have poor health and this lead to fertility issues.

- Other medical conditions such as severe injury or major surgery may lead to male fertility. Diabetes, thyroid disease or anemia may be associated with infertility.

Age is also a factor that reduce fertility in men. According to reports, men who reaches to 35 or more may have decline in fertility.

-There are cases male infertility due to environmental exposure. Excessive exposure to environmental elements such as heat, toxins and chemicals cause a reduced sperm count, either direct or indirect. Pesticides and other chemicals cause female hormone-like effects in the male body and may be associated with reduced sperm production and testicular cancer. Exposure to lead may cause infertility. Prolonged exposure to benzenes, toluene, xylene, pesticides, herbicides, organic solvents, painting materials and lead may contribute to low sperm counts.

Exposure to radiation can lessen sperm production, though it will often eventually return to normal. With high doses of radiation, sperm production can be permanently reduced.

It is also observed that regular use of saunas or hot tubs can upsurge body temperature. This may result in decrease sperm production and lower sperm count.

Tobacco smoking may lead to poor quality and decrease count of sperm.

Main symptoms of male infertility:

The main indication of male infertility is the incapability to conceive a child. In some cases, an underlying problem such as an inherited disorder, hormonal imbalance, dilated veins around the testicle, or a condition that blocks the passage of sperm causes signs and symptoms.

Although male infertility do not have obvious symptoms other than inability to conceive a child, some indications of this condition include:

-Problems with sexual function. Male have difficulty with ejaculation or small volumes of fluid ejaculated, reduced sexual desire or difficulty maintaining an erection.

-Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area

-Recurrent respiratory infections

-Inability to smell

-Abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia)

-Decreased facial or body hair or other signs of a chromosomal or hormonal abnormality

-Having a lower than normal sperm count

If disease and conditions like male infertility, it is imperative to prepare for appointment.

If males have never examined by doctor, they can approach family doctor.  They have a known condition lead to infertility or have any abnormalities on testing by primary care doctor, then doctor may refer to a specialist.

There are some helpful tips that assist males to get ready for appointment:

Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. Patient must be prepared for anything they need to do in advance.

Prior to appointment with specialist, patient must note down any symptoms they are experiencing.

It is good to know family history of fertility problems when fixing appointment with doctor.

When appoint is scheduled, patients must make a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements that they are taking.

Queries for infertility problem:  People who are experiencing fertility related issues may ask following questions to specialist:

1. What is the reason that hindering my ability to become a father?

2. What are other possible reasons my partner and I have not been able to conceive a child?

3. What kinds of tests do I need?

4. Will my partner also need tests?

5. What is the best treatment options to enhance fertility?

6. What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you are suggesting?

7. Are there some restrictions that I must follow?

8. Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can refer and some websites to gain more information?

Doctors or specialist may ask some question related fertility problem therefore person must be ready to answer these question correctly without any hesitation. Such as:

1. At what age did you start puberty?

2. Have you had any sexual problems in this relationship, including difficulty maintaining an erection, ejaculating too soon or not being able to ejaculate?

3. Have you ever fathered a child?

4. Have you had a vasectomy or other abdominal, pelvic or scrotal surgery?

5. Do you consume illicit drugs, such as marijuana, cocaine or anabolic steroids?

6. Have you been exposed to toxins such as chemicals, pesticides, radiation or lead, especially on a regular basis?

7. Are you currently taking any medications, including dietary supplements?

8. Do you have a history of undescended testicles?

9. Do you consume junk foods?

Tests and diagnosis:

It is suggested to males who are visiting to doctor for their problem of infertility that they must cooperate with doctor in interview session. Doctor examine body of patients for infertility causes. Males suffering from fertile problem have more than one causes therefore they must visit specialist. Doctor may recommend several test to determine chief cause of infertility. These tests are costly.

There are numerous way to diagnose male infertility:

-Infertility can be assessed through General physical examination and medical history. This includes examining patient’s genitals and asking questions about any inherited conditions, chronic health problems, illnesses, injuries or surgeries that could affect fertility. Doctor might also ask about sexual habits and about sexual development during puberty.

Semen analysis is performed to evaluate the causes of infertility. Patients have to can provide a semen sample by masturbating and ejaculating into a special container at the doctor's office or by using a special condom to collect semen during intercourse. Semen specimen is analysed for quantity, color, and presence of infections or blood by a laboratory. Thorough analysis of the sperm is completed. The laboratory will determine the sperm count and any misdeeds in the shape and motility of the sperm. Typically sperm counts will vary from one specimen to the next.

It is common to perform a blood test to determine the level of testosterone and other male hormones.

Some laboratory tests include:

•         Urinalysis

•         Semen analysis

•         Semen collection: 48-72 hours of sexual abstinence.

•         Seminal fructose and postejaculate urinalysis

•         Fructose: derived from the seminal vesicle

•         Hormone assessment

•         FSH and testosterone

Sometimes doctor may recommend additional tests to help identify the cause of infertility.

-Scrotal ultrasound is advised for infertility. This test uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images inside your body. A scrotal ultrasound can assist doctor check if there is a varicocele or other problems in the testicles and supporting structures.

-Hormone testing is also done to locate the cause of infertility. Hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and testicles play vital role in sexual development and sperm production. Abnormalities in other hormonal or organ systems might also contribute to infertility. A blood test measures the level of testosterone and other hormones.

-Post-ejaculation urinalysis is recommended to check the fertility issues. Sperm in urine can indicate that sperm are traveling backward into the bladder instead of out penis during ejaculation.

-Genetic tests are also conduct to assure that infertility is there. When sperm concentration is extremely low, there could be a genetic cause. A blood test can show whether there are subtle changes in the Y chromosome, signs of a genetic abnormality. Genetic testing is performed to diagnose various congenital or inherited syndromes.

-Testicular biopsy is also suggested in some cases of infertility. This test involves removing samples from the testicle with a needle. If the results of the testicular biopsy show that whether sperm production is normal or problem is likely caused by a blockage or another problem with sperm transport.

-Specialized sperm function tests are conducted to check how well sperm survive after ejaculation, how well they can penetrate an egg, and whether there is any problem attaching to the egg. Normally, these tests are hardly performed and often do not significantly change recommendations for treatment.

-Transrectal ultrasound is also done to check infertility issue. A small, lubricated wand is inserted into rectum. It allows  doctor to check prostate, and look for blockages of the tubes that carry semen.

Treatment:

It is generally perceived that exact cause of infertility in males is not diagnosed. Infertility treatment rely on the root causes and how long patient been infertile, the age of the partners as well as personal preferences.

Treatments for male infertility are as under:

1. Surgery is one of the option to treat problem of infertility. A varicocele can often be surgically corrected or an obstructed vas deferens repaired. Prior vasectomies can be reversed. In cases where no sperm are present in the ejaculate, sperm can often be retrieved directly from the testicles or epididymis using sperm retrieval techniques.

2. Male with infertility problems may have some infections. Antibiotic treatment might cure an infection of the reproductive tract, but it does not always restore fertility.

3. Doctors also give treatments for sexual intercourse problems. Medication or counselling are very helpful to improve fertility in conditions such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation.

4. Doctors also recommend hormone treatments and medications. They might advise hormone replacement or medicines in cases where infertility is caused by high or low levels of certain hormones or problems with the way the body uses hormones.

5. Assisted reproductive technology treatments are also suggested to patient of infertility. Assisted reproductive technology involve obtaining sperm through normal ejaculation, surgical extraction or from donor individuals, depending on specific case and desire of patient. The sperm are then inserted into the female genital tract, or used to perform in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Sometimes increase frequency of intercourse may augment fertility. Contrariwise, frequent ejaculation can lower sperm quality. An egg can be fertilized for up to 24 hours after ovulation, and sperm live in the female reproductive tract for up to 72 hours.

Doctors also check common sexual problems that is related to impotence or premature ejaculation and provide solution to improve fertility.

Figure: 2 Represent treatment options of male infertility:

In some cases where irregular semen analysis can lead to infertility, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection are recommended. Sperm is taken directly from the testicles or recovered from the bladder and injected into an egg in the laboratory setting.

Pateints of infertility may have queries such as:

1. Is male infertility common? It is reported that male infertility is experienced by several people in a society therefore it is not rare issue. It is a combination of male and female infertility. It is sensible to exam both the male and female partner when dealing with this issue.

2. Which type of lifestyle we must adopt to improve sperm count and quality? According to doctors, males suffering with infertility must quit smoking, do not use recreational drugs, reduce alcohol consumption, and avoid using lubricants while trying to conceive. They are recommended to do moderate aerobic and resistance exercise, avoid high temperatures such as saunas and hot tubs, and regularly take supplemental vitamins if there is deficiency.

3. Whether vasectomy reversal is good option to treat male infertility?

According to medical research, a vasectomy reversal is consider as effective treatment for a couple interested in conceiving after the man has undergone a vasectomy. Upon successful reversal, the sperm count may be sufficient to allow for natural conception.

In brief, Male infertility is a problem of the reproductive system. Male infertility is discouraging for males and to cope with issue is quite difficult. Therefore person with such problems must plan for emotional uproar. They must decide in advance how many and what kind of procedures are emotionally and financially acceptable for them. Sometimes it is recommended to espouse stress-reduction techniques such as yoga, meditation and massage therapy.

Knowledge of debugging

In computer operations, numerous errors occur therefore it is imperative to fix those errors for smooth functioning of system.

In computer devise, experts do debugging to eradicate errors. It is the process of tracing and fixing or avoiding bugs (errors) in computer program code or the engineering of a hardware device. For debugging a program or hardware device is to begin with a problem, separate the source of the problem, and then fix it. An operator of a program must be trained to fix the problem permanently. Software debugging is one of the prime job of programming.

In developing software programs, users perform rigorous testing, updating, troubleshooting and maintenance. Usually, software has many errors and bugs, which must be regularly eliminated. In the debugging process, complete software programs are frequently compiled and performed to recognize and resolve problems. Huge software programs, which contain lots of source code lines, are divided into small constituents. To enhance efficacy, primarily, each component is debugged independently then followed by the program as a whole.

Actually, debuggers are tools that investigate the statue of an operating program. Common debuggers include adb, dbx, gdb, kdb, wdb, xdb. Microsoft Visual Studio has an integrated debugger.

In system, debugging is essential process in any new software or hardware development process, whether a commercial product or an enterprise or personal application program. For multifarious products, debugging is performed as the result of the unit test for the smallest unit of a system at component test when parts are brought together. It can be done at system test when the product is used with other existing products and during customer beta test, when users try the product out in a real world situation. Most of the computer programs and many programmed hardware devices include huge of lines of code, almost any new product is likely to contain a few bugs. Customarily, the bugs in the functions that get most use are found and fixed first.

It can be said that debugging tools aid to examine coding errors at several development stages. Some programming language packages include a facility for checking the code for errors as it is being written.

In brief, debugging in software devices is the regular procedure to locate, rectify and fix computer program bugs, errors or irregularities, which is systematically controlled by software programmers through debugging tools. Debugging checks, detects and corrects errors or bugs for good program operation as per set specifications.

Job Opportunity in Embedded System technology

Currently, embedded software is applied in myriad of industrial sectors like telecommunications, defense instruments, railroad networks, consumer electronics, electronic payments, and smart cards industry. 

Many graduate engineers do not have awareness of profitable job prospects available in the arena of Embedded Systems. Mostly fresh or two years experienced engineers seek jobs in flourishing “IT” industry to ascend career. 

To understand embedded system, it is elaborated that an Embedded System is merely an amalgamation of computer hardware and software, either fixed in operability or programmable, which is intended to do precise function. It is termed as an embedded system because it is entrenched in complex device to control, improve or aid the operation of that device. For instance, in vehicles, the automatic transmission, GPS navigation, sunroof, radio, anti-lock brakes inside the car are embedded systems. 

Main attributes of an embedded system are speed, power, size, accuracy, reliability and adaptability. Embedded systems are basically application-specific and they are considered to fulfil real time controls. 

Embedded systems have numerous uses in application areas such as automotive, space, aeronautics, rail, electronic payment solutions, and mobile communication. The international embedded system market has been fragmented on the basis of functionality, microcontroller, applications and geography. Embedded systems produced strides in the technical world with its modernisation of autonomous robots that could be installed for personal purposes. 

Leading companies in the embedded systems area are Samsung, Intel, Volvo, Philips, Qualcomm, HCL, L&T, Robert Bosch, and Honeywell. 

If graduate engineers are desirous to work in embedded system, they must know the nature of job. Job Description for Embedded Systems Engineer. 

Embedded systems engineers hold a specialized role, generally in technology and information-technology related businesses. Responsibilities of engineers working in the arena of embedded system include tasks throughout the software development cycle from planning and writing code to testing and maintaining software. Coding often involves highly specialized systems with specific requirements. They show high level of accuracy and attention to detail. Embedded systems engineers also have to create documentation for code and product features, as well as make contributions to their team through mediums such as meetings or teamwork. The job involves designing, developing & testing of the embedded software application using Open-Source Tools or Proprietary tools. It is vital for an embedded software engineer to have deep knowledge of the hardware architecture as the role involves combination of hardware & software application which has crucial role in this arena.

 Embedded systems are used in practically every Industry today. There are ample of job prospects in embedded system in top companies. Candidates need to excel in embedded software to make bright career.

 There is promising future of embedded system with the advent of technologies in the field of electronics, wireless communications, networking, cognitive and affective computing and robotics.

Living with Liver cirrhosis

People in their life have numerous diseases. Some are mild and preventable but others are incurable and life-threatening. Liver cirrhosis is a medical ailment that is lethal for patient.  Cirrhosis of the liver leads to scarring of the liver which results in atypical liver function and patient suffer from chronic (long-term) liver injury. 

There are many reasons of 'scarring' of the liver (cirrhosis). The most common cause is consuming heavy alcohol and infection with the hepatitis C virus.

Other causes of having live cirrhosis are as under:

- Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus.

- Blockage of the bile ducts can cause back pressure and damage to the liver cells.

- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This is a condition in which fat is build up in the liver. This results in scarring and cirrhosis.

- Severe reactions to certain medicines.

Symptoms of cirrhosis:

-Tiredness and weakness.

-Fluid which outflows from the bloodstream and builds up in the legs (oedema) and tummy (abdomen). It is known as ascites in medical term.

-Loss of appetite. Patient feels sick, nausea.

-Weight loss.

-There is a tendency to bleed and discolouration easily.

-Yellow pigmentation of the skin or the whiteness of the eyes. Patient may grip into jaundice because of high level of bilirubin.

-Itching in the body due to a build-up of toxins.

-Patients that have cirrhosis of liver may show some mental problems such as confusion, forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating. It may be due to severe cases as toxins build up in the bloodstream and affect the brain.

Diagnosis of cirrhosis:

Gastroenterologists deal with liver cirrhosis cases. A consultant may diagnosis this serious medical problem through symptoms and a physical examination. A doctor may detect that patient’s liver is enlarged or that he/she is retaining fluid in the body. If patient is consuming heavy alcohol, consultant may easily detect that it is the case of liver cirrhosis.

Generally, doctors recommend blood test for abnormal liver function. They asked the patient to go for LFT (Liver function tests).

-To diagnose live cirrhosis, doctors conduct an ultrasound scan or a CT scan or MRI scan. It may show that patients have a damaged liver.

-A small sample (biopsy) of the liver may be taken to be looked at under the microscope to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for cirrhosis:

People with Liver (cirrhosis) breathe under fear as it has no possible cure.

Liver cirrhosis tends to get gradually worse if the original cause persists and is not well treated. Generally, once the liver is damage and the scarring is developed, it is irreversible.

Doctors do their best give treatment so that they can prevent further liver scarring or to slow the development of the scarring process.

Patients have to make some lifestyle changes to lessen the severity of cirrhosis.

Normal treatments are as under.

-Patients must immediately stop drinking alcohol

-When patients are taking any medicines for other health issues, they must be cautious and take medicines under the guidance of their consultant.

Lifestyle changes and home remedy:

Some tips are mentioned below for lifestyle changes:

-patients must consume a low-sodium diet. It is recommended to take herbs for seasoning food rather than salt.

-Always take meals that nutritious. Cirrhosis results in malnutrition and loss of muscle. To defend this deterioration, and maintain good health, balanced diet is required. They cab take fruits and vegetables. It is good to choose lean protein, such as legumes, poultry or fish. Avoid raw seafood.

-Any infection may worsen the condition due to weak immune system therefore it is better to avoid infections. Patients must be careful while traveling, staying in hotel or moving in any public places such as do not use towels in hotels, wash hands frequently. Also, get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B, influenza, and pneumonia.

-Patients are recommended to use over-the-counter medications cautiously. It is better to avoid drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.

People normally are dreadful when they hear about liver cirrhosis as it is the last stage of numerous chronic liver diseases. The worst part of this illness is that it is irreversible in its advanced stages. There is no such treatment for cirrhosis. People can extend their life through lifestyle changes. Due to advanced medical science, liver transplantation is the only option in a selected subgroup of patients with last stage of disease. Preventive programs and early management of these conditions are reflected developing health issue.

In this life threatening condition, persons must develop courage to enhance their mental strength as attendants are also depressed. To maintain good family health, patients must strictly follow the advice of consultant. It may extend their life and miracles are always possible in this corporal world. Though medical science is advancing speedily but still it is in embryonic stage. If patients have supreme will power, have high moral thoughts and desire to live with their beloved ones, they can accept the challenge of this deadly medical condition.