Intellectual disability: Severe form of mental retardation

'Intellectual disability' denotes to broad range of cognitive and behavioural deficit related with a considerably impaired intelligence level. The severity of 'Intellectual disability' assessed by discrepancy between person’s skill in learning and the expectation of social environment.  

'Intellectual disability is common developmental disability around the globe. It occurs before 18 years of age. When it happens early in child’s life, it is termed as neurodevelopmental condition that impairs cognition, learning, and adaptive functioning in everyday life. 

Major causes of intellectual disability are infections (present at birth or occur after birth), chromosomal abnormalities (such as Down syndrome), environmental, metabolic (such as hyper bilirubinaemia, or very high bilirubin levels in babies), malnutrition, trauma (before and after birth).

Types of Intellectual Disabilities:

These are different categories of people with an intellectual disability.

1. Mild Intellectual Disability. In this category, learning is usually slow, but the ability to learn in a normal setting is possible with good support.  Most symptoms for MID appear in the preschool years, but sometimes problems do not appear until later in life.

2. Moderate Intellectual Disability: At this level, a person with an IQ between 35 and 50 is said to have a moderate intellectual disability. Learning is difficult and more support is required.

3. Severe Intellectual Disability. In this category, a person with an IQ between 25 and 40 is considered as a moderate intellectual disability. Learning is more difficult and may not be possible for some.

4. Profound Intellectual Disability: Person who fall in this category has an IQ below 20. There is little hope for person to learn and progress in life.

5. Unspecified Intellectual Disability:  Person who has an IQ score under 70 and has other social and learning problems that cannot be pinned down is said to have an unspecified intellectual disability.

Major symptom of an intellectual disability is trouble to learn new things. Others may find themselves having problems with adaptive behaviours.

People with intellectual disability have full range of behaviour and mental disorders. The prevalence of associated mental disorders are many times more in patient of intellectual disability than general population. Associated physical and mental syndrome with in individuals with intellectual disability include anxiety disorders, hearing loss, heart conditions,  obesity-related problems,  seizure activity and visual impairment.

These people are at high risk for exploitation of physical abuse. This is due to their adaptive behaviours are impaired. Intellectual disability is diagnosed through the use of standardized tests of intelligence and adaptive behaviour. Individuals who score very low on mental ability or intelligence tests may be diagnosed with one of several intellectual disabilities. People with these disabilities tend to have difficulties learning new things and adjusting well in social circumstances.

For treatment, patients with intellectual disabilities need rehabilitation counsellors and mental health therapists provide counselling services. Numerous therapies can improve the adaptive skills of patient with intellectual disabilities Occupational therapy, Talk therapy, speech therapy, and physical therapy.

To wrap up, intellectual disability is manifestation of heterogeneous set of impairment and conditions that results in cognitive limitation. Intellectual disability is basically developmental debility, not a specific disease. It denotes to cognition and adaptive functioning.

Important note: This article is developed through environmental information, academic experience and/ or personal view of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement

Significance of Brain plasticity

Humans are wonderful entity in the world of species to acquire novel skills, modify behavior and adjust in new environments. Brain plasticity is the capability of the brain to transform its networks or re-wire itself. Without this ability, human brain cannot be developed from infancy through to adulthood or get better from brain injury.

Brain plasticity leads to normal brain function such as our ability to learn and change behaviour. It is sturdiest during childhood because children have fast learning abilities but remains a fundamental and significant lifelong property of the brain. Adult brain plasticity has been clearly involved as a means for retrieval from sensory-motor deprivation, peripheral injury, and brain injury.

Brain has several neural pathways that can repeat another’s function so that small faults in development or temporary loss of function through injury can be effortlessly improved by rerouting signals along a different pathway. Problem arises when errors in development are severe, like the effects of the Zika virus on brain development in the womb.

Recently, brain plasticity give relief from various psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders in humans. These disorders include obsession, depression, compulsion, psychosocial stress, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.

Brain plasticity can enhance cognitive performance in person. Positive brain plasticity includes changes to structures and functions of the brain, which has beneficial outcomes. For example, brain plasticity improves the efficiency of neural networks responsible for important cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and mood. Whereas negative brain plasticity leads to changes to the neural connections in the brain, which can be damaging to us. For instance, people who develop negative thoughts can promote neural changes and connections related with conditions such as depression, and anxiety.

To bind up facts, Brain plasticity is the term refer to brain’s ability to alter and grow over time in its environment. These modifications can be rapid or slow, and they can leave positive or negative impact on humans. Brain plasticity allows a way to look at neurological basis of fundamental psychological processes such as learning and thought and how they develop in lifespan.

Important note: This article is developed through environmental information, academic experience and/ or personal view of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement

Human challenge: Harmonizing spiritual and materialistic life

Humans are undergoing intense challenge that is how to balance spiritual and materialistic life.

Materialism and Spirituality both are contrast to each other. Materialism identifies physical matter as the only reality.  Consequently, it focuses on material comfort and headway.  Materialism basically reflects the yearning for material possessions and the continuous struggle to accomplish them.  It is the exploration for Artha and Kama.

Whereas spirituality is visualized as the inconsequential reality, the soul, the super-conscious. People who espoused principles of spirituality are detached worldly possessions and do not have tempt to achieve material possessions.  It is closely connected with inner self.  It is recognizing the oneness of all creation. 

Both Spirituality and Materialism are devoted part of human nature.  They are both realism.  They reveal the intrinsic duality and contradictions in human nature and in human lives. 

Materialism is unavoidable.  We as a human cannot overlook senses and desires. They have to be fulfilled at the right level. Desires are the force that pushes human to move forward in life. Materialism is required but if we have excessive desires, it may create problem in life. The spiritual life is natural and normal.

People must make alignment between Spirituality and Materialism in order to lead satisfactory life. To balance these aspects of life, people must involve in chanting, prayer. These living styles give inner satisfaction to humans.

In ending the dialogue, Spirituality and Materialism are inherent in human and they have to smartly balance in life to achieve their supreme goals. These are two effectual approaches to life. These are equally important in human life to protect from worries, anxieties and lead to peace, happiness.

Important: Above thoughts are inner views of writer. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement.

Forming genuine expectations to live magnificent life

Human life is full of expectation. Expectations are mental thoughts of future planning and immensely impact our vision of life scenarios, people surround us. Expectations have a significant role in shaping our career or steer personal life. Expectations are built on the basis of past experiences and social influences in our life. Additionally personal desire also forms high expectations.

People aspire and set their career and life goals. But the problem arises when they have too high expectations of themselves and from social structure. It is believed that people become happy when they successfully manage their expectations. It is therefore emphasized in counseling programs that people must intelligently set realistic expectations to gain positive powers in life and exhale negativity. Expectations may be painful when the desired outcome is not met.  Many intellectuals, saints and psychologists pronounced that highly driven expectations lead to displeasure therefore people must not expect from others even though they contribute a lot for them.

Normally, it is the thinking of people that if they extend their support to others, other people must behave in the same manner. In reality, it does not happen.  People get frustrated due to misplaced expectations, especially when it comes to relationships. People can only lessen the feeling of disappointment when they control their expectations from others.

Impractical expectations of life result in displeasure. It is always good to lower the expectation to get real satisfaction in life. The principle of give and take is not effective when people want happiness in life. In order to live stress-free and enjoy the jewels of living, they must extend their support to others without any expectation. Positive attitude of life will always pay therefore people must be ready for sudden events or unexpected behavior of others. It is imperative for a person to deeply evaluate the elements of expectations and the changing nature of the environment. People must gain knowledge through varied sources and educate themselves while setting expectations for life and career. These commands will navigate them to move in the right direction and achieve goals. Golden thoughts for forming positive expectations are to judge a person from different angles, must have authentic and clear vision, wisely decide the area to set expectations, explore solid ground for future prospects and calculate the mental accord.

People should not overburden themselves to set high expectations without any logic. People must seek benefits for setting expectations to work out their passion, gloss their career and feel cheerfulness.

To condense the thoughts, it is a natural fact that humans cannot live without expectations. But good management of life expectations make human life better and heal their emotions.

Important note: Above piece of writing is based on environmental inputs and reflect perso0nal views of the writer. Any resemblance is just a coincidence. Writer is not responsible for any disagreement. 

Chase your dream to convert into reality

Every human being has some vision and intense desire to achieve the life goal through his/her dream. Some people dream huge things like would be a business tycoon while others have small dream to just to gain good position in corporate. Success mantra in life is to chase your dream and multiple ways will be open like rainbow in life to plan, workout and fulfil dream.

People who are passionate to fulfil their dream must have burning desire. These desires propel them to insistently indulge in the task which they dream and want to shape their career accordingly. To chase dream, it is imperative to dissect and analyse to what one really want in life. For this, they have to explore numerous avenues available in surroundings. Sometimes, people have to find the way to grab the unique possibilities which are hidden in earth bed. It is an intricate step to dig out such golden opportunities but there is ray of hope always because in this galaxy, dream projects are imbedded. Humans just have to work rigorously to catch such dream and convert into realty.

There are several examples of dedicated persons who worked hard to chase their dream and got huge success in life. In ground reality, one example of an ambitious female can be inspiration for us. Her great devotion to career flashed light on her dream and gradually, it illuminated as she started chasing her dream with her immense efforts to shape her career through exploring range of online job opportunities with the advent of internet technology. Earlier, she dreamed to involve in unique projects in her stream. Later, she was constantly reconnoitring the task but could not found exact path. With time, she started surfing on web about the project she was interested in. It was a surprise moment for her when she found the dream project after deeply digging the internet sea. Though, it was not simple for her to accept the project as it was in different technical stream but she took that as a challenge and amazingly she was praised for her creative talent by companies. Then she realized that her research ability (Dream) was her strength. Afterwards, she was bombarded with such projects in different field and presently, she has got real satisfaction of achieving her life goal through chasing her dream. Whatever she dreamed, it was available on the internet podium.

In final thought, we as a human see a dream and want to fulfil but still feel immature to transform into reality. Dreams have power to energize people to accomplish complex task. Only thing is to be passionate and optimistic to achieve it surpassing all obstacles of life. Dreams are foundation for rocketing high career success.

Window shopping to real shopping: Effective Business mantra

In globalization period, marketers and business companies circulate their innovative, trendy products all over the world. In market, shoppers find huge range of products therefore it is difficult to decide which one is suitable for them. Window display allures existing and new customers. In present situation, most of the visitors involve in window shopping. It can be online or offline to compare prices, quality, quantity and other features according to the suitability of shoppers. In window shopping, customers can closely look at the displayed products over the racks, shelves and mannequins and include them to wish list. Then decide which item is to purchase currently or in next visit.  It definably save sufficient amount of money.

There are several merits of window shopping. First of all, window shopping is hand free shopping. Buyers can visit shops in mall without carrying “heavy” shopped, plastic bags.  Through Window shopping, people get many inputs of latest designs, trends and quality of desired and other items which inspire them to apply in other parts of home. Shoppers can collect good data for real purchase through roaming in different showrooms in mall or shopping centre.  

Sometimes, in window shopping, people watch innovative items and get attracted. As a result, they make decision to buy as it may fulfil their other needs.

Display items in showrooms really entice many customers which may convert into real shopping. This tactic is first point of contact with customers. Once customers watch items in display, sales person of showroom motivate them to see the products physically and offer discount if any to attract them. It is well realized that window shopping is effective advertising channel which elaborates the business items of shop and gives the consumer an idea about the brand. Numerous business survey reports signifies that consumers are enthuse to visit showroom to and acquire information from window displays.

In order to motivate customers to choose the product from window display and make purchase decision, shop owners must intelligently select the site, window and sales promotions to induce customer to do shopping.

With many advantages, window shopping make customers to be addictive and they may go for impulsive buying. In volatile market, prices are fluctuating. It happens in window shopping when customer watch many products and select to buy in future in anticipation that prices will be lower but suddenly in next week or so cost go up. This is a major drawback of window shopping.

To rewire the attributes of window shopping that result in real shopping, it is well accepted that window shopping is the key method to comprehend the latest and needed products and it is hassle-free for customers. Customers must go for window shopping to collect data about price, quality, latest trends, and durability even though they buy specific items. It will help to take decision next time for other products to purchase. Window shopping is highly beneficial for expensive products like jewellery, designer attires, toys, electronic products. It will help customers to make actual purchase in festive season. Lastly, it is concluded that window shopping is joyful experience without any investment. People usually plan window shopping to know about fashion, new arrivals or gift items for future. In Internet epoch, customers find range of items in website and they enjoy real shopping in fraction of time.

Honesty is the keystone of decent life

We normally heard or guided by parents and elders that honesty is dominant principle to live superior life. In contemporary world, honesty is in diminishing trend. Not all but people are become dishonest in some or other ways.

There is solid basis of declining the honesty. Today people have poor lifestyle. Some people are lazy and want to enjoy lavish life therefore they choose dishonesty to fulfil unrealistic expectations of their life. Others who jump into dishonesty land are not talented to fulfil their life goals. Peer pressure also lead to leave the path of honesty. Some people are acquisitive and to earn huge money to fulfil their desire. Financial crisis also motivate people to become untruthful. Immoral grooming also lead to deceitful persona.

Presently, ethical behaviour of an individual is slightly difficult because of low morale of society. For example, journalists indulge in flashing fake news, paid news and as a result they do not display good image in public. People normally consider give and take policy as an accepted norm.

When assessing the psyche of people in contemporary period, it is revealed that today people are not very honest. Many individuals follow lying practice in their routine. It is a poisonous worm which is slowly killing human civilization and future outcome may be devastating.

There is no harm to embrace honesty. After a lot of struggle, the ultimate result may be welcoming and satisfactory.

In a real life example, one unknown scientist followed honesty dogmas. He researched many scientific facts in globe but his extreme efforts were named by other cheaters and they got fame for exploring scientific principles of that scientist. Scientist became demoralized and left the place. Still he was honest to his duty. With age, he was involved in his family though sometimes frustrated but trying to cope up with reality of life. When he entered into greying age, he became very happy and lived normal and hassle-free life because he did not have any ground of cheating others, not a guilt of doing wrong. These feelings made him emotionally strong and his physical health was also good. And he died peacefully. People remember his great policies of life and his honesty. They complemented that they lost a great scientist. It is a decline of scientific ability at global level.

The intent of writing this article is to generate awareness for dangerous consequences of choosing the path of dishonesty. It is very easy to be deceitful and achieve short-term goal or momentary pleasure but in long run, people may face irreversible emotional and physical damage.  Honesty has strong mental, physical and spiritual strands that make people healthy and to lead ecstatic life. Individuals with honest feelings do not have any fear of being threatened. They live free life, have confidence, self-respect and get real gratification and achieve self-actualization. We should make extreme efforts to win the honesty in our surrounding.